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Block 1 Unit 3 Developmental Pathogenesis

1) Explain the risk factors in developmental pathogenesis.

Risk factors in developmental pathogenesis are elements that increase the probability of a subsequent emotional or behavioural disorder. These factors are categorised at three levels:

• Individual Level: These include physical and emotional considerations such as atypical genetic variations, deficits in perception, and high levels of generalised anxiety.
• Family Level: This includes factors such as parental deprivation, childhood trauma, and inadequate communication within the family.
• Community Level: This includes the socio-cultural environment and societal influences that can contribute to the development of psychopathologies.

2) Describe the three large categories into which risk factors have been divided.

As described above, risk factors are divided into three main categories:

• Individual Level: Factors such as genetic vulnerabilities, deficits in perception, and high anxiety levels that are specific to the individual.
• Family Level: This includes factors such as parental deprivation, separation, parental psychopathology, and dysfunctional family dynamics.
• Community Level: This involves socio-cultural factors such as the socio-cultural environment, pathogenic societal influences, and social changes.

3) Give an account of genetic vulnerabilities for psychopathology.

Genetic vulnerabilities refer to the inherited predispositions that can increase the risk of developing a psychopathology. The field of behaviour genetics studies how genetic information from parents is transmitted to children via chromosomes. Genes transmit biochemical codes that determine the structure and activity of the body's proteins, leading to physiological and physical differences. These differences can affect how individuals respond to stress and the environment, increasing the likelihood of developing a disorder.

4) Explain the role played by the neuro-endocrine system in developmental pathogenesis.

The neuro-endocrine system, particularly the HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), plays a key role in the body's response to stress. When under stress, the hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRF), which triggers the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. This hormone travels to the adrenal glands, which then release cortisol, the stress hormone. Elevated HPA axis activity due to early trauma can increase reactivity to stress later in life.

5) Explain physical handicaps and early physical deprivation as the causes of psychopathology.

Physical handicaps and early physical deprivation can significantly impact psychological well-being. Injuries and diseases can disrupt physiological equilibrium, leading to psychological repercussions. Depression can often accompany significant physical illnesses. Additionally, deprivation of basic needs and non-optimal stimulation can challenge a person's equilibrium and contribute to the development of psychopathologies.

6) Explain parental deprivation, separation and childhood traumas as potential causes of psychopathology.

Parental deprivation and separation, especially in early childhood, can lead to maladaptive personality development and increase the risk for psychopathology. Children raised in institutions often lack the warmth, physical contact, and intellectual stimulation found in typical homes. 

Childhood traumas such as abuse or neglect can also cause long-term emotional and behavioural issues. However, it's worth noting that some children show resilience and do well in adulthood despite these adverse experiences. Factors such as supportive experiences at school and harmonious family relationships also play a protective role in overcoming difficult childhood experiences.

7) Describe the parental psychopathology and parenting styles contributing to the development of psychopathology.

Parental psychopathology (mental illness in parents) can significantly influence a child’s psychological development. Children of parents with mental disorders are at greater risk for developing their own mental health problems. Parenting styles also play a crucial role; inconsistent or harsh parenting can lead to emotional and behavioural issues. Authoritative parenting, which involves warmth, clear limits, and encouraging independence, is considered most beneficial for healthy development.

8) Present an account of Inadequate Communication and Disrupted Family Relationships in developmental pathogenesis.

Inadequate communication within a family can hinder a child's emotional development. Poor communication can lead to misunderstandings, increased conflict, and difficulties in expressing emotions. Disrupted family relationships, characterised by frequent conflicts, lack of support, and dysfunctional dynamics, can significantly contribute to psychopathology. These issues can affect a child’s sense of security, emotional stability, and ability to form healthy relationships.

9) Evaluate various socio-cultural causes in the development of psychopathology.

Socio-cultural factors such as a low socio-economic class, disorder-engendering social roles, prejudice, discrimination, economic and employment problems, and social change and uncertainty can increase vulnerability to psychopathology. The socio-cultural environment, along with pathogenic societal influences, can heavily impact behaviour patterns. Social change and the uncertainty it creates can add to stress and anxiety, further contributing to the development of mental disorders.

10) Present an account of the risk factors of psychopathology and give an outline of causal factors of psychopathology.

• Risk Factors: The risk factor model is a paradigm that facilitates the understanding of developmental deviations. Risk factors are categorised at the individual, family, and community levels. These factors increase the likelihood of emotional or behavioural disorders.
• Causal Factors: Psychopathology arises from a combination of biological, psychodynamic, behavioural, psychosocial, and socio-cultural factors. Biological factors include genetics and neuroendocrine system dysregulation. Psychosocial factors involve parental deprivation, trauma, and dysfunctional family dynamics. Socio-cultural factors consist of societal and cultural influences and societal issues.

11) Explain the biological perspectives of developmental pathogenesis. Describe a general outline of biological causes of psychopathology.