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Block 4 Counselling: Future Directions (E-Counselling)

Unit 1 Teaching And Training For Counselling

1. What are the different techniques used by the Freud and other psychoanalytical therapists?

Freud and other psychoanalytical therapists use techniques such as free association, dream analysis, catharsis, and transference. These methods aim to uncover unconscious conflicts and repressed emotions to facilitate insight and healing.

2. How a client’s perception, thinking and emotions are restructured through cognitive behaviour therapy? Give examples.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) restructures a client's perception, thinking and emotions by identifying and modifying negative or distorted thought patterns and maladaptive behaviours. For instance, a client who catastrophizes situations may be helped to identify these patterns and challenge their validity. They might then develop more rational thought patterns and related behaviours via exercises such as behavioural rehearsals.

3. What are the essential steps a counsellor follows in counselling of a client?

The essential steps a counsellor follows include:

• Starting and structuring the sessions by establishing a professional relationship and setting clear boundaries.
• Developing rapport and insight through active listening and accepting the client’s experiences.
• Paraphrasing and allowing release of emotions to help the client feel heard and understood.
• Addressing current demands, long-term goals, and any obstacles.
• Training relaxation techniques and encouraging acceptance.
• Examining interpersonal relationships, conflicts, behaviour and personality.
• Facilitating problem-solving and behavioral rehearsals.
• Improving cognitive distortions and cross-questioning unhelpful beliefs.
• Considering family structure and belief systems.
• Negotiating homework assignments and monitoring progress.
• Offering challenges and feedback.
• Terminating the counselling when the client is able to manage their life effectively or when other factors require it.

4. Write down the different conditions which are necessary to control the disparity between a client and a counsellor?

To control the disparity between a client and counsellor, it is important to consider the following:

• Culture and race: Recognise different cultural beliefs and values.
• Socioeconomic status: Understand the client’s socioeconomic background.
• Demographic and personal data: Gather relevant information about the client's life.
• Marital status: Be aware of the client's marital situation.
• Sex-orientation: Approach the client's sexual orientation with empathy.
• Age: Understand that different age groups have different needs and may require different approaches.
• Physical or mental disability: Recognise any disabilities and how they may affect counselling.
• Religion or philosophy: Be aware of the client’s religious or philosophical background.
• Gender role identity: Understand the client's gender identity.

5. Discuss the various ethical issues to be taken care by the counsellor during counselling sessions.

Ethical issues that must be addressed by a counsellor include:

• Maintaining healthy boundaries within the therapeutic relationship.
• Obtaining informed consent before any testing or therapy.
• Dealing with the client’s issues professionally, avoiding any personal benefit.
• Ensuring confidentiality by informing the client of any limits to confidentiality.

Important Points

1. In Catharsis technique given by Freud the focus is to release the suppressed emotions of the client.

2. When the clients react to their therapist as they did to a significant person, it is called Transference.

3. Existential approach believes that human beings are free and therefore responsible for our choices and actions.

4. Mahler’s fourth phase of development involves a move toward constancy of self and object.

5. Active listening is the major part of Development of insight and making rapport step of counselling process.

6. In role-playing technique of counselling the focus is on re-enacting the situation to see how the client behaves.

7. The best way of using client’s positive feelings is to give Positive reinforcement.

8. Homework is provided in counselling to set the daily routine of the client and to raise his self-confidence.

9. In Cognitive Behaviour approach of counseling the focus is on client’s distortions in thoughts and his maladaptive behaviours.

10. The ethical issues in counseling is important to deal. For this it is necessary:

    • To take informed consent
    • To keep information confidential
    • To have profession relationship