Important Questions for IGNOU PGDCFT MSCCFT MCFT003 Exam with Main Points for Answer - Unit 6 Cognitive Behavioural Approaches

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Unit 6 Cognitive Behavioural Approaches

1. What do cognitive behavioural approaches include?

Cognitive behavioural approaches include therapies that make use of cognition in solving of problems and behavioural techniques as well.
CBT is based on the link between thoughts, feelings and behaviour.

2. Who were the pioneers of CBT?

Albert Ellis, Aaron T. Beck and Donald Meichenbaum

3. List the basic principles of cognitive therapy.

Following are the basic principles of cognitive therapy :

i) Arbitrary inferences,

ii) Selective abstraction,

iii) Overgeneralization,

iv) Magnification and minimization,

v) Personalization,

vi) Labeling and mislabeling, and

vii) Polarized thinking.

4. What are the steps of the process of change during a CBM session as they occur?

Observation of self thoughts to recognise thoughts and feelings
Starting to change self-verbalization
Learning new coping effective skills

5. State the types of problems where you can use CBT.

Following are the types of problems where one can use CBT:

i) Anger management,

ii) Anxiety and panic attacks,

iii) Child and adolescent problems,

iv) Depression,

v) Drug or alcohol problems,

vi) Eating problems,

vii) General health problems,

viii) Habits, such as facial tics,

ix) Mood swings,

x) Obsessive-compulsive disorder,

xi) Phobia,

xii) Post-traumatic stress disorder,

xiii) Sexual and relationship problems,

xiv) Sleep problems,

xv) Sleep difficulties,

xvi) Relationship problem, and

xvii) Drug and alcohol abuse

6. List the cognitive behavioural approaches.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) includes a number of therapies with similar approach to solving problems. These include:

• Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) by Ellis

• Cognitive Therapy (CT) by Aaron Beck

• Cognitive Behaviour Modification (CBM) by Donald Meichenbaum

7. How would you go about desensitization of a client who has phobia of darkness?

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a structured, directive, brief and time-limited therapy that posits that thoughts cause feelings and behaviours. Since most emotional and behavioural reactions are learned, the goal of CBT is to help clients unlearn their unwanted reactions and learn new ones. One technique that can be used to treat a phobia of darkness is desensitisation.
To begin, the therapist and client would work collaboratively to define goals and express concerns. They would then create a hierarchy of fear-inducing situations related to darkness. For instance:

Looking at a picture of a dark room
Being in a dimly lit room
Being in a dark room for a short period
Being in a dark room for a longer period

The client would gradually work through the hierarchy, starting with the least fear-inducing situation. The therapist would teach the client relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, to use while engaging in the fear-inducing situation.
As the client becomes more comfortable with each situation, they move on to the next one in the hierarchy. Homework assignments are a central feature of CBT, so the client may be asked to practice their relaxation techniques and exposure exercises at home. Through repeated exposure and the use of relaxation techniques, the client can gradually learn to manage their fear of darkness.

8. How would you provide assertive training to a client of yours who cannot talk to her parents about her problems?

A counsellor can help a client who struggles to talk to her parents about her problems by using assertive training. Counselling is cooperative and goal-directed. The counsellor should help the client find a solution to the problem of not being able to talk to her parents.
Here are the key points in assertiveness training, which draws on the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT):

Building a Therapeutic Relationship: The counsellor needs to establish a safe, conducive and trusting environment. This is essential for the client to feel comfortable and safe to discuss personal matters.
Identifying and Challenging Irrational Thoughts: The counsellor can use CBT techniques to help the client identify any irrational beliefs that are preventing her from talking to her parents. These beliefs may be challenged with evidence and logic.
Developing Assertive Communication Skills: The counsellor can teach the client assertive communication skills such as using "I" statements and expressing needs and feelings clearly and respectfully.
Role-Playing and Practicing: The counsellor and client can role-play conversations with the parents to practice assertive communication. This practice interview will help the client reduce her anxiety and overcome potential difficulties.
Homework Assignments: The counsellor can assign homework to help the client practice her skills in real-life settings.

Through these steps, the counsellor can help the client develop the skills and confidence she needs to talk to her parents assertively.

Important Points

i) Appropriate and inappropriate emotions are a result of our thoughts.

ii) Modifying our beliefs about things and events can help us deal effectively with everyday problems.

iii) REBT' focuses on current situations rather than past events.

iv) REBT can help people to change their thoughts and behaviour.

v) CBM shares with REBT and Beck's cognitive therapy the assumption the distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive thoughts.

vi) CBM focuses on changing the client's self-verbalisation

vii) Self-statements affect a person's behaviour in much the same way as statements made by another person.

viii) A basic premise of CBM is that clients, as a prerequisite to behaviour change, must notice how they think, feel and behave and the impact they have on others.

ix) Meichenbaum's approach describes cognitive structure as the organizing aspect of thinking, which seems to monitor and direct the choice of thoughts.

x) The constructivist perspective focuses on the capacity of human beings for creative and imaginative thoughts.

xi) Constructivist approach to cognitive behaviour therapy is less structured and more discovery-oriented than standard cognitive therapy.

xii) Meichenbaum operates on the assumption that there are multiple realities and one of the therapeutic tasks is to help clients appreciate how they construct their realities.

xiii) REBT is often highly directive, persuasive, and confrontive and focuses on the teaching role of the therapist

xiv) Beck uses a Socratic dialogue by posing open-ended questions to clients with the aim of getting clients to reflect on personal issues and arrive at their own conclusions.

xv) The REBT therapist works through a process of rational disputation to persuade clients that certain of their beliefs are irrational.

xvi) CT therapists view dysfunctional beliefs as being problematic because they interfere with normal cognitive processing, not because they are irrational.

xvii) REBT is different from CBM as it is more direct and confrontational in uncovering and disputing irrational thoughts; Meichenbaum's self instructional therapy focuses more on helping clients become aware of their self-dialogue.

xviii) The therapeutic CBM process consists of training clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope more effectively with the problems they encounter.

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