Confrontation: "It seems that all you want is to just tell everyone to mind their own 
business and leave you alone."

2. List the various interpretations done in various stages of counselling.

i) Initial phase - Reflection of feelings
ii) Middle phase - Clarification and confrontation
iii) Later phase - Interpretation from a theoretical standpoint

3. What are the three clarification methods? 

The three clarification methods are as follows: 

i) Associative type, 

ii) Suggestive type, and 

iii) Systemic interpretations.

4. State the various techniques that utilise client's interpretation.

Following are the various techniques utilizing client's interpretation: 

i) Experimental awareness techniques, 

ii) Cogiutive techniques; and 

iii) Adjunctive techniques. 

5. What are the main steps in awareness of polarities?

Steps for awareness of polarities are as follows: 

i) Describing interpersonal relationship patterns, 

ii) Restoring inner balance, and 

iii) Integration

6. What are the relaxation methods used to reduce anxiety and stress?

i) Progressive relaxation training
ii) Mediation
iii) Imagery
iv) Systematic desensitization
v) Hypnotherapy

7. What are the major steps of the termination process?

The major steps of termination process are given below:

• Step 1 Verbal preparation
• Step 2 Summary statement
• Step 3a Follow-up
• Step 3b) Possible referral
• Step 4: Formal leave taking

8. How do you define interpretive techniques?

Interpretation primarily involves presenting the client with a hypothesis about their behaviours, the meanings inherent in them, and their relationships. Interpretations bring behaviours into a new light and can facilitate cognitive restructuring.

• Different schools of thought view interpretation differently.
  • Psychodynamic orientation: Sees it as a primary technique to uncover a client's unconscious motives, needs, and conflicts.
  • Client-centered orientation: Does not favour interpretation, believing it can foster resistance.
  • Gestalt orientation: Uses interpretation to draw attention to discrepancies between thinking and behaviour, with the client providing meaning.
  • Cognitive behavior orientation: Uses interpretation to facilitate cognitive restructuring.
  • Systemic orientation: Views interpretation as "reframing" client situations.
• Interpretation can range from reflection, where the therapist acts as a mirror, to depth interpretation, which introduces new concepts and associations beyond the client's awareness.

9. State the principles of selecting intervention strategies.

Key principles for integrating theoretical orientations and selecting appropriate interventions include:

• Describing core concepts and interventions to aid the client's understanding and bring about change.
• Understanding the therapeutic relationship and the role of the therapist and client in the chosen modality.
• Selecting interventions that promote self-efficacy and autonomy in the client.
• Considering the indications and contraindications of various modalities (individual, marital, family therapy), ensuring the modality suits the client.
• Recognising the importance of therapeutic skills and a strong therapeutic alliance.
• Addressing individual stages of treatment such as rapport formation, assessment, the working stage, and termination.
• Choosing effective strategies, having alternatives, and evaluating the effectiveness of the chosen intervention.
• Ensuring the acceptability of the intervention to the client, considering their beliefs and cost.
• Maintaining a balance and flexibility in approach, without losing coherence.
• Selecting interventions that maximise a client’s personal effectiveness.
• Ensuring that interventions are evidence-based and carefully planned.
• Regularly evaluating the selected approach.

10. Describe the techniques that utilize client's interpretation.

Three categories of techniques that utilise a client's interpretation:

• Experiential Awareness Techniques: These techniques aim to increase a client's awareness of their own experience and help them assign meaning to it.
  • Therapeutic Metaphors are used to influence a client's personal and social realities.
  • Awareness of polarities involves making clients aware of their manipulations and converting these to self-actualising behaviours.
• Cognitive Techniques: These techniques involve manipulating a client's thoughts to help them develop a better sense of self.
  • Cognitive restructuring focuses on eliciting and changing dysfunctional or irrational beliefs that cause problematic feelings or actions.
• Adjunctive Techniques: These are techniques used alongside primary treatments.
  • Self-help methods involve self-guided improvement, often with resources like literature and support groups.

11. Explain the strategies for planning and complementing behaviour change.

Strategies for addressing both behaviour deficits (absent behaviours) and behaviour excesses (negative behaviours) include:

• Problem-Solving and Coping Skill Strategies: These aim to develop skills in the client.
  • Problem-solving involves identifying a problem, generating solutions, choosing the best solution, implementing it, and then evaluating the result.
  • Coping Skill Training (CST) teaches clients how to cope with stressful situations and involves identifying and converting maladaptive self-statements into adaptive ones.
• Self-Management: This involves strategies that allow clients to manage their own behaviour.
• Modeling and Skill Training: Modeling is a technique used by therapists to change client's behavior by showing assertiveness and social skills.