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Unit 1. Culture and Socialization

Culture is the man - made part of the environment, which is created and changed by human beings. It includes language, beliefs, morals, art, laws, customs and everything else that makes us members of human society and particular social groups within it.

2. What is socialization?

Socialization is a process through which children acquire the knowledge, values, and standards of a culture to become effective, functioning members of their society.

3. What are the four frameworks that explain human development?

The four frameworks to understand human development are 

1. Biological maturation
2. Environmental-learning
3. Constructivist
4. Culture-contextual.

4. Which cultures were included in the Six Cultures Study?

The six cultures included in the study were Kenya, USA, Mexico, Japan, India and the Philippines. They were chosen due to differences in social complexity, dominant economic activities, cultural belief systems, and domestic living arrangements.

5. Who gave the ecological systems theory?

Urie Bronfennbrenner gave the ecological systems theory.

6. What are the five ecological systems?

The five systems of the ecological systems theory are: 

1. microsystem,
2. mesosystem, 
3. exosystem, 
4. macrosystem and 
5. chronosystem.

7. Who gave the concept of a developmental niche?

Charles Super and Sara Harkness gave the concept of a developmental niche. They applied concepts from the ecological sciences to explain socialization and developmental processes in human societies.

8. What are the components of a developmental niche?

The three components of the developmental niche are 

1. physical and social settings 
2. culturally regulated customs and child rearing practices and 
3. psychology of the care giver.

9. How do the components of the developmental niche interact with each other?

10. What are the differences observed in children who grow up in the developed world and the developing world?

11. Why is it of value to study children across cultures? What should we observe while studying children across cultures?

12. Discuss any two child rearing practices for boys and girls in your cultural context and discuss their significance for child socialization in the past (traditional relevance) and now.

13. Compare and contrast any two frameworks explaining culture and socialization.