Important Questions for IGNOU MAPC MPCE023 Exam with Main Points for Answer - Block 2 Cognitive Behavioural Counseling Unit 3 Cognitive Behaviour Modification

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Block 2 Cognitive Behavioural Counseling

Unit 3 Cognitive Behaviour Modification

1. Self instructional training involves replacement of negative self talk by healthy self talk. Elaborate with example.

Self-instructional training focuses on making clients aware of their negative self-talk. It helps them understand how these negative verbalisations lead to anxiety or other emotional and behavioural problems. For example, a child who overeats may have negative self-talk such as "I can't resist this food," which leads to unhealthy eating habits. Through self-instructional training, they are trained to replace these statements with positive self-talk like, "I can choose healthy foods and stop when I'm full". They then practice using these new self-statements through homework assignments.

2. Explain the meaning of "cues" in Stress Inoculation Training.

In Stress Inoculation Training (SIT), "cues" refer to the triggers or signals that initiate feelings of fear or anxiety. Clients learn to detect these cues as soon as they appear so that they can use their newly learned coping skills to tackle stress and anxiety before they escalate. These cues act as warnings, allowing individuals to implement coping strategies promptly.

3. Describe the different strategies of self-management.

Self-management strategies involve using cognitive and behavioural skills to maintain self-motivation and achieve personal goals. These strategies can be grouped into three broad categories:

Environmental strategies: This involves changing the times, places, or situations where problematic behaviours occur. Examples include changing social circles, avoiding certain settings, or eliminating reinforcers for undesirable behaviour.
Behavioural strategies: This involves engaging in positive alternative behaviours or implementing methods to make desirable behaviours more convenient and enjoyable.
Cognitive strategies: This involves changing one’s thoughts or beliefs about a particular behaviour through self-instructions, self-praise, and imagining successful outcomes.

4. Differentiate the problem definition and problem solution phase.

In the problem-solving process, the problem definition phase involves identifying and understanding the issue, including what situations it occurs in, when it occurs, and who is present. This step also involves stating the problem clearly and gathering data.

The problem solution phase, on the other hand, focuses on finding solutions after analyzing the problem. This involves generating alternatives, evaluating the pros and cons of each option, and choosing a solution to implement. The last step is implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of the chosen solution.

5. List out the different situations/problems in the school context in which self-instructional training can be used.

Self-instructional training can be used in schools to address anxiety, fear, and unhealthy habits. Some specific problems could include:Test anxiety

Public speaking anxiety
Difficulties in controlling disruptive behaviour
Unhealthy eating habits
Poor study habits

6. Explain the different stages of stress inoculation training.

SIT involves three interlocking phases:

Conceptual educational phase: Clients are educated about the nature of stressors and how certain ways of thinking can lead to stress and mental disturbances. They differentiate between changeable and unchangeable aspects of stressors.
Skills acquisition and consolidation phase: Clients are trained in a variety of coping skills, including emotional self-regulation, relaxation, problem-solving, and cognitive restructuring.
Application and follow-through phase: Clients apply these newly learned skills in real-life situations, practicing and consolidating their use.

7. 'Stress Inoculation Training helps build up psychological immunities'. Discuss.

Stress Inoculation Training is designed to bolster an individual's preparedness and develop a sense of mastery. It is designed to help individuals manage the stress so it does not become unmanageable, thus it provides psychological immunities by equipping individuals with various coping skills and the confidence to use them flexibly. By learning to detect cues of stress and applying coping skills early on, clients can prevent anxiety and stress from escalating.

8. How will you use self-management technique for a child with aggressive behaviour?

Self-management techniques can help a child with aggressive behavior by first identifying the triggers of aggressive behavior. Strategies could include:Environmental changes: Modifying settings or avoiding situations where the aggressive behaviour is more likely to occur.

Behavioural strategies: Engaging in alternative behaviours when feeling angry, like using relaxation techniques.
Cognitive strategies: Using self-talk like, "I can calm down," or thinking about the consequences of aggression.

9. Evolve a self-management strategy to help a child overcome excessive television viewing.

To help a child overcome excessive television viewing, a self-management strategy can include:
- Environmental Strategies: Limiting the time the TV is on and where it is located in the house.
- Behavioural strategies: Scheduling specific times for watching TV, and creating a list of alternative activities that are more desirable to the child.
Cognitive strategies: Using self-instructions to cue oneself about the benefits of less TV time, rewarding oneself for sticking to the set schedule, and thinking about the benefits of alternative activities such as doing homework or playing outside.

10. Elucidate the problem-solving strategy by taking a case example.

Let's say a student is struggling with poor grades. The problem-solving strategy would be:

Problem definition: The student identifies the problem as "poor grades" and analyses why they are struggling with this problem such as difficulties in understanding the coursework, lack of study time etc.
Goal setting: The student sets a goal to improve their grades by one level.
Generating alternatives: Student brainstorms ways to improve their grades, such as dedicating time to studying each day, asking the teachers for help, attending tutoring etc.
Decision making: The student selects the strategies that seem most feasible, such as setting a study schedule, and asking for help with specific topics.
Implementation and verification: The student implements the chosen strategies and monitors their impact on grades. If grades don't improve, the student may revisit the process and try other strategies.

11. What do you mean by ‘inoculation’ in stress inoculation training?

In Stress Inoculation Training (SIT), the term "inoculation" refers to the way the training helps to build psychological immunity against stressors, similar to how a vaccination protects against diseases. By educating clients about the nature of stress and equipping them with coping skills, SIT aims to prevent stress from becoming overwhelming, enabling them to manage stressors effectively. Clients learn to recognise the cues or triggers that initiate feelings of anxiety and use their coping mechanisms early on to prevent escalation.

12. What are the different steps involved in problem solving?

The problem-solving process involves a number of steps:

Problem definition: This involves clearly stating the problem and specifying the issues and feelings surrounding it. It is important to define what is causing the problem, and how the current situation is affecting you.
Problem analysis: The problem needs to be examined from different perspectives to gain a better understanding.
Goal setting: Setting clear goals helps to define what one wants to achieve or change based on the analysis of the problem.
Generation of alternatives: Brainstorming and generating a list of all the possible solutions is important at this stage, without worrying about their feasibility.
Decision making: This stage involves analyzing the pros and cons of each alternative to choose the most suitable solution.
Implementation and verification: This includes implementing the chosen solution and evaluating its effectiveness. If the solution is not effective, the process is repeated.

The problem-solving process is cyclical, and if the solution is not effective, the process is revisited, starting with problem definition.

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