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Block 2 Interventions

Unit 8 Counselling for Abuse and Trauma in Childhood

1. Name 5 possible causes of abuse.

1. Presence of psychiatric disorders in the parents, 
2. role of belief systems, 
3. lack of social support and social resources, 
4. ignorance of developmental timetables and 
5. role of early learning experiences.

2. Name 5 possible types of abuse.

1. Physical abuse, 
2. Verbal abuse, 
3. Economic abuse, 
4. Emotional abuse and 
5. Spiritual abuse

3. Factors that can be traumatic for the child:

a. Loss of loved one

b. Witnessing domestic violence

c. Being in a car accident

d. Being bullied/ragged in school

e. Poverty

4. Consequences of traumatic experience:

1. Behavioural problem - self injurious behaviour

2. Cognitive problem - lack of adequate conflict resolution skill

3. Social and emotional problem - shame and guilt

5. Name 3 strategies to prevent trauma and abuse in children.

1. Starting child help-lines, 
2. stabilizing the adult job market, 
3. life skills training for children-teaching them communication skills, assertiveness skills, coping skills and interpersonal relationship skills.

6. Name 5 strategies to manage trauma and abuse in children.

1. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 
2. Stress inoculation therapy, 
3. Family counselling, 
4. Play therapy and 
5. Enhancing adaptive coping styles

7. Explain in detail the consequences of child sexual abuse.

Consequences of Child Sexual Abuse: Child sexual abuse (CSA) has profound and long-lasting consequences, impacting the child's physical, psychological, and social development. These consequences are categorised into:

1. Traumatic Sexualization: The child may confuse sex with love and affection, leading to sexual promiscuity or aversion in adulthood.
2. Betrayal: The abuse shatters the child's trust in parents or caregivers, resulting in difficulty forming healthy relationships later in life.
3. Stigmatization: The child may feel dirty or damaged, leading to low self-esteem, isolation, and self-destructive behaviours such as substance abuse.
4. Powerlessness: The child's inability to stop the abuse fosters feelings of powerlessness, anxiety, and impaired coping skills. They may also exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including intrusive memories, avoidance behaviours, and hypervigilance. The severity of these consequences depends on several factors, including the age of onset, duration and frequency of abuse, the relationship between the abuser and child, and the child's interpretation of the event and parental reaction. CSA may lead to a CSA syndrome with cognitive impairments (shame, guilt), emotional dysregulation (numbing, rage), and behavioural dyscontrol (self-harm, aggression).

8. What do you understand by neglect? What are the factors associated with neglect of children?

Neglect: Neglect is the failure of a parent or caregiver to meet a child's basic physical, emotional, and educational needs. This can manifest in various ways, such as inadequate medical care, lack of food, clothing, or shelter, emotional deprivation, or educational neglect where age appropriate activities and education are denied. 

Factors associated with neglect include:

Parental factors: A history of neglect or abuse in the parent's own childhood, low self-esteem, poor impulse control, depression, anxiety, inadequate knowledge of child development, feeling overwhelmed by parenting responsibilities, lack of empathy, substance abuse, and inability to fully assume the parental role.

External factors: Severe poverty, lower educational levels, family disorganisation, social isolation, and the stress of single parenthood. The consequences of neglect can range from stunted physical and neurological development to chronic medical problems, emotional and psychological issues, and difficulties with relationships and academic performance. However, resilience plays a role, with some adults overcoming the effects of childhood neglect.

Important Points

i. Difficulty in concentration is not a physical symptom of trauma.

ii. A child with mental sub-normality is more vulnerable than an intellectually normal child for being traumatized.

iii. Childhood trauma influences development of adult personality.

iv. Anxiety, fear and self blame are symptoms of being traumatized.