Important Questions for IGNOU PGDCFT MSCCFT MCFT002 Exam with Main Points for Answer - Unit 2

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Unit 2 Dimensions of Psycho-Social Stress and Coping

1. How would you define stress?

Stress can be defined as a real or interpreted threat to the physiological or psychological integrity of an individual that results in physiological and behavioural responses. Stress can also be seen as the reaction people have to excessive pressures and other types of demands placed on them.

2. Enumerate different theories of stress.

Different theories of stress include:

i) The biomedical perspective,

ii) The sociological perspective, and

iii) The psychological perspective.

3. Enumerate different models of stress.

Different models of stress include

i) The emotional and cognitive model,

ii) The stress response model,

iii) Stimulus-based model (also called objective-stress model),

iv) Response-based model (also called subjective-stress model), and

v) The interactional model.

4. How would you classify stress?

Stress can be classified in different ways such as

i) Based on the nature of the stress (biological or psychological);

ii) Based on the severity of stress; as eustress and distress;

iii) Based on duration of stress (short term and long term); and

iv) Based on temporal relation of stress response with the stressor.

5. Describe management of stress/Enumerate the interventions for stress.

The interventions for stress are:

i) Cognitive behavioural approaches,

ii) Stress management training,

iii) Self observation,

iv) Cognitive restructuring,

v) Relaxation training,

vi) Time management skills, and

vii) Problem solving skills.

6. Explain briefly how does stress effect the physical and mental health of individual?

Stress has been implicated in different physical and mental diseases and disorders. This association has been reported with cardiovascular conditions (atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction), infectious diseases (viral diseases, such as herpes simplex, influenza, and coxsackie virus), HIV/AIDS, autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis) and cancers. Stress can play a role in form of a predisposing, precipitating or propagating factor in these conditions. Also it could be responsible for the poor treatment response and relapse. The role of stress on these disorders is mediated through a multitude of factors.

Stress causes activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenocortical axis, with responses that include increase in body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and plasma glucocorticoid concentration. The well-described effects of the SNS are mediated through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors located on the heart and throughout the vascular system, which includes the stimulation of renin secretion and subsequent increase in angiotensin II production. Psychosocial stress increases arterial pressure and also has been linked to chronic renal and cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. Long-term effects of social challenges on a number of physiological and behavioural parameters have also been reported, mainly involving the daily rhythms of heart rate and body temperature, food intake and social activity. Stress also alters the immune functions and the mediators of the immune response in the body.

Almost all psychiatric disorders are related to stress in some way or the other. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, ATPD, enduring personality changes, post-partum disorders, dissociative disorders, depression, schizophrenia have been associated with stress of different kinds. Stress is either a precipitating or an aggravating factor for most of these disorders

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