Important Questions for IGNOU PGDCFT MSCCFT MCFT002 Exam with Main Points for Answer - Unit 7

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Unit 7 Cognitive Disorders

1. What are the common cognitive disorders?

The common cognitive disorders are:

i) Delirium,

ii) Dementia, and

iii) Amnestic disorder.

2. List the clinical characteristics for recognising delirium.

The clinical characteristics for recognising delirium are given below:

Key feature is disturbed consciousness.
Associated features include:

Clouded sensorium – that is no clear awareness of surroundings
Problems with attention,
Disturbance in memory,
Incoherent speech, and
Perceptual disturbances (for example — hallucinations).

3. What are the possible causes of delirium?

Following are the possible causes of delirium:

1) Susceptibility may be symptom of early dementia, or delirium may predispose to later dementia,

2) Predisposing factors like age, infections, dementia etc,

3) Medical conditions like

• Infections,

• Urinary tract infections,

• Respiratory (URI, pneumonia),

• Gastro-intestinal infections,

• Constipation

4) Drug toxicity, and

5) Fracture (especially related to hip fracture).

4. What are the clinical characteristics for recognizing dementia?

The following are the clinical characteristics for recognising dementia:

i) Memory dysfunction (especially new learning, a prominent early symptom),

ii) At least one additional cognitive deficit (aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or executive dysfunction), and

iii) Sufficiently severe to cause impairment of occupational or social functioning and must represent a decline from a previous level of functioning.

5. List the ten warning signs for dementia.

Following are the ten warning signs for dementia:

1) Recent memory loss affecting job,

2) Difficulty performing familiar tasks,

3) Problems with language,

4) Disorientation to time or place,

5) Poor or decreased judgment,

6) Problems with abstract thinking,

7) Misplacing things,

8) Changes in mood or behaviour, Cognitive Disorders

9) Changes in personality, and

10) Loss of initiative.

6. List the various aspects and processes that a family therapist should examine for cognitive disorders.

Following are the various aspects and processes that a family therapist should examine for cognitive disorder:

i) General description,

ii) Functional assessment,

iii) Mood, feeling and affect,

iv) Perceptual disturbances,

v) Language output

vi) Visuo-spatial functioning,

vii) Thinking,

viii) Sensorium and cognition,

ix) Neuropsychological Evaluation

7. Write the steps one should follow in management of delirium.

Following are the steps in management of in delirium:

i) Reverse medical problem and provide supportive care,

ii) Prevent further medical complications,

iii) Use environmental intervention to facilitate reality,

iv) Facilitate sleep, cognitive and healthy functioning, and

v) Prevent and manage disruptive behaviour.

8. How would you manage Dementia?

Pharmacological Management
Non-pharmacological Management

9. List the non-pharmacological therapies for dementia

Following are the non-pharmacological therapies for dementia:

Standard therapies

Behavioural therapy
Reality orientation
Validation therapy
Reminiscence therapy

Alternative therapies

Art therapy
Music therapy
Activity therapy
Complementary therapy
Aromatherapy
Bright-light therapy
Multisensory approaches

Brief psychotherapies

Cognitive–behavioural therapy
Interpersonal therapy

10. What are cognitive disorders? How are they classified?

Cognitive Disorder is a disorder where a limitation of cognitive functioning is the main feature. These disorders involve impairment in areas of memory, attention, perception and thinking. Most common mental disorders affect cognitive functions, mainly memory processing, perception and problem solving. The most direct cognitive disorders are amnesia, dementia and delirium.

The most common classified cognitive disorders include delirium, dementia and amnestic disorders. Furthermore, there are separate sub-categories based on etiology.

11. How would you manage Amnestic Disorders?

Management of Amnestic Disorders

The first approach for treatment of amnestic disorder is to treat the underlying cause. Supportive cues about the date, time and the patient’s location can be helpful and reduce the patient’s anxiety after resolution of the amnestic episode. Psychotherapy (cognitive, psychodynamic or supportive) may help patients to incorporate the amnestic experience in to their lives.

In the first phase of recovery, therapists provide supportive care to patients in the form of explaining patients what is happening. In the second phase of recovery, clinicians can build a therapeutic alliance with patients by explaining slowly and clearly what happened and by offering an explanation for a patient’s internal experience. In the third integrative phase of recovery, a clinician can help the patient to form a new identity by connecting current experiences of the self with past experiences. This phase also includes grieving for the lost faculties. Therapist must respect and empathise with the patient’s need to deny the reality of what has happened. Cognitive rehabilitation also helps in patients with amnestic disorders.

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