1. Law of effect: It states that if any particular action gives the desired result and leads to satisfaction then there is a tendency to establish that activity and get it fixed, but if that activity does not yield the desired result it generates a feeling of dissatisfaction and helps towards discarding that particular activity. 
2. Law of frequency: It states that when any particular action is repeated for a certain number of times, then it has tendency to establish permanently. 
3. Law of recency : According to this law, an act which has just recently been performed has an advantage of being repeated easily for the reason that it is recent and fresh in the experience. 

7. What are the important points that make punishment effective?

The important points to make the punishment effective are: 

1. Immediate punishment is more effective than delayed. 
2. It is helpful to explain why the misbehaviour is worthy of punishment. 
3. Consistent punishment is more effective than irregular punishment. 
4. Punishment should be preceeded by a warning. 
5. Make punishment respectful that means insulting or bashing just makes children think about revenge and not remedy. 
6. Public punishment hurts the ego, so make it private. 
7. Make rules and penalties more clear and fair so that children are more likely to accept the consequences. 

8. What does social learning theory state?

The social learning theory states that "Learning would be exceedingly labourious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling". 

9. Define:

• Self observation means one observes one’s own behaviour and keeps a tab on it.
• Forethought capability enables a child to anticipate the likely consequences of future actions, set goals and plan courses of action that produce desired outcomes.
• Retention includes cognitive organisational motor rehearsal.
• Motivation includes both external and self-reinforcement.

10. List down the categories of intelligence proposed by Gardner.

The categories of intelligence proposed by Gardner are:

1. Body-kinesthetic
2. Musical
3. Verbal-linguistic
4. Logical-mathematical
5. Visual-spatial
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
8. Naturalistic

11. What are the different kinds of Intelligence and Suggested Professions:

• Naturalistic: scientists, naturalists, conservationists, gardeners or farmers.
• Visual-spatial: artists, engineers, architects, surgeons, sculptors or painters.
• Musical: instrumentalists, singers, conductors, disc jockeys or composers.
• Verbal-linguistic: writers, lawyers, philosophers, journalists, politicians or teachers.
• Body-kinesthetic: dancers, athletes, surgeons, actors, or builders.

12. Give your views in support of Piaget's cognitive development theory.

• Piaget's cognitive development theory is fundamental for understanding human cognitive systems.
• His concepts of schema, mental representation, adaptation, assimilation, accommodation, equilibration, and organisation provide a framework for explaining cognitive development in human beings.
• The theory also defines the stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational, each with unique characteristics.
• While Vygotsky’s social cognitive theory is also discussed, and the importance of social interaction on learning is noted, the source does not offer specific examples or criticisms of Piaget’s work that undermine its significance.

13. According to social learning theory children learn a great deal by observing models. Do you think the same type of learning might occur while watching television? Explain with the help of examples.

• Yes, the social learning theory posits that children learn through observation and modelling of others and can apply this to the media, like television.
• Given the concept of observational learning (which involves processes of attention, retention, production and motivation), it is likely that children could learn both prosocial and antisocial behaviour from media content depending on the nature of the models they observe.

14. Describe a behaviourist approach to teaching a child to share toys with others. What techniques would a behaviourist employ?

Basic behaviourist principles which would be applicable:

• Behaviourism focuses on observable behaviour and learning through conditioning and reinforcement. A behaviourist would use positive reinforcement, rewarding the child when they share toys.
• They would define sharing as a specific, observable behaviour. For example, giving a toy to another child, without needing to be asked.
• Shaping may be employed, gradually rewarding closer approximations to sharing behaviour over time. If a child doesn't want to share initially, they may be rewarded initially for allowing another child to approach their toys, and then incrementally as they get closer to actually sharing the toy.
• Punishment (such as taking away a toy) would be avoided. Instead, the behaviourist would focus on rewarding the desired behaviour rather than punishing undesired behaviours.

15. Describe the importance of intelligence theories in day-to-day life.

• Intelligence is the ability to learn and solve problems. The theories of intelligence, such as Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and Sternberg’s triarchic theory, offer different ways of looking at this ability.
• Gardner's theory suggests that individuals have different types of intelligences, and not just one general ability, such as bodily, musical, verbal, spatial and more. This would suggest that people have different aptitudes and talents.
• Sternberg’s triarchic theory focuses on analytical, practical and creative aspects of intelligence, which are useful in academic, everyday and novel situations respectively.
• These theories are important in understanding that there are different ways of being intelligent. Therefore, they have implications for education, career planning and understanding and appreciating individual differences.