• Gardner's theory proposes that intelligences are independent of one another and that each has its own specific set of abilities. The intelligences are not necessarily dependent on each other.
• Guilford's theory proposes that intelligence is a combination of multiple abilities with a system for categorising mental abilities in three dimensions. The dimensions include content, operation and product. Many of the abilities are believed to be correlated with each other in Guilford's model.
• Guilford's model is more structured with a systematic classification of abilities, while Gardner's is based on a theoretical view. Gardner’s theory identifies broad intelligences that function in real life.

13. Critically evaluate Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence.

• Sternberg’s theory offers a more comprehensive view of intelligence than traditional theories by accounting for creative and practical aspects of intelligence. It emphasizes the idea that there are multiple ways to be intelligent rather than just one way. The theory also highlights the importance of context in determining what is considered intelligent behaviour.
• However, some critics argue that the theory lacks empirical evidence and that practical intelligence may simply be task-specific knowledge. Additionally, some research questions whether creativity is a separate cognitive ability from analytical intelligence. There are also criticisms regarding the difficulty in translating the theory into psychometric instruments.

14. Explain the three subtheories or facets of triarchic theory of intelligence.

• Componential/Analytical Subtheory: Involves the mental mechanisms that drive intelligent behaviour, including metacognitive (higher-order) components, performance components, and knowledge acquisition components.
• Experiential/Creative Subtheory: Relates to how individuals deal with new tasks and situations, including insight, synthesis, and automatic processing.
• Contextual/Practical Subtheory: Pertains to how individuals interact with their environment, including adapting, shaping, and selecting.

15. How is triarchic theory of intelligence different from the construct-of-intellect theory?

• Sternberg's triarchic theory focuses on the processes of intelligence, and how they interact. It is about mental processes, the relationship between experience, and the context in which intelligence is displayed.
• Guilford's SOI theory is a model of the structure of intelligence. It focuses on the classification of mental abilities along three dimensions (contents, operations, and products).
• Sternberg is less concerned with categorising abilities and more concerned with the processes and context of intelligence. Guilford is more concerned with identifying and categorising specific abilities.

16. What are the three dimensions of Guilford’s theory of MI?

Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect (SOI) theory proposes that intelligence is composed of three dimensions:

• Contents: This dimension refers to the type of information being processed and includes categories such as visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, and behavioural information.
• Operations: This dimension refers to the mental processes used to manipulate information and includes cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation.
• Products: This dimension refers to the form that the processed information takes and includes units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications.

17. Critically evaluate the construct-of-intellect theory of Guilford.

A critical evaluation of Guilford’s Structure-of-Intellect theory reveals:

• The theory proposes that each intellectual ability is a combination of a specific content, a specific operation, and a specific product.
• It suggests that intelligence is not a single entity but a collection of numerous, relatively independent abilities.
• It is criticised for having factors that are too narrow and specialised, which has limited practical value in prediction, such as in educational or vocational guidance.
• Guilford's research focused on populations with a restricted range of intelligence and used orthogonal methods that ignored correlations between factors.
• Despite these criticisms, Guilford's work is important, as it has significantly influenced the development of modern intelligence tests.

18. What is existential intelligence? Describe

Existential intelligence is a proposed ninth intelligence in Gardner's theory, related to philosophical and spiritual aspects of life. It involves the ability to ponder fundamental questions about existence, such as the meaning of life, death, and the universe. The source material indicates that Gardner was still considering its inclusion in his theory.

19. How is triarchic theory of intelligence different from the construct-of-intellect theory?

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence differs from Guilford’s Structure-of-Intellect (SOI) theory in several ways:

• Focus: Sternberg's theory focuses on three aspects of intelligence, namely, analytical (componential), creative (experiential), and practical (contextual). In contrast, Guilford’s theory focuses on the structure of intelligence, categorising intellectual abilities based on contents, operations, and products.
• Processes vs. Structure: Sternberg’s theory emphasises the processes of intelligence, whereas Guilford’s model focuses on the structure of intellectual abilities.
• Number of Factors: Guilford's theory proposes many distinct abilities, possibly up to 150. In contrast, Sternberg’s triarchic theory proposes three interconnected facets of intelligence.
• Practicality: Sternberg’s theory incorporates practical intelligence, which is not a key component of Guilford's model.
• Flexibility: Sternberg’s theory stresses the interaction of different facets of intelligence, rather than the more distinct categorization of abilities in Guilford’s model.

20. Highlight the important features of construct-of-intellect theory of Guilford.

• The important features of Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect (SOI) theory include:
  • Intelligence is not a single, global attribute but a combination of multiple, relatively independent abilities.
  • The model is three-dimensional, consisting of content, operations, and products. Each intellectual ability is defined by a combination of these three dimensions.
  • The theory categorises contents into visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, and behavioural information.
  • The operations dimension includes cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, and evaluation.
  • The products dimension includes units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications.
• Guilford’s model is an open system, allowing new categories to be added.
• The model proposes 150 possible abilities, with over 100 having empirical support.

21. Are the nine kinds of intelligence proposed by Gardner interrelated?

Gardner proposes nine relatively autonomous intelligences. While the intelligences are described as separate, they rarely operate in isolation. They often work together and complement one another as people develop skills or solve problems. Gardner suggests that every individual possesses these intelligences to varying degrees, and they combine and blend differently in each person.